Abstract
Purpose
The present investigation examines the time, effort, and resources that evidence-based practice (EBP) requires, and looks at what types of results are obtained.
Method
Principles of EBP as outlined by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association were applied to 3 treatment case studies.
Results
The cases took between 3 and 7 hr to complete and yielded different amounts and types of results. Individual article searches yielded better results than did searches of systematic reviews. Most evidence found was from small-group and individual case studies.
Conclusion
EBP is a necessary part of effective and ethical treatment. The resources needed, time involved, and availability of relevant information make current guidelines for EBP challenging for most full-time practitioners. Specific recommendations to address these concerns are offered.
REFERENCES
- AGS. (2007). Evidence-based practice (EBP) briefs. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://www.speechandlanguage.com/ebp/
-
Almost, D., & Rosenbaum, P. (1998). Effectiveness of speech intervention for phonological disorders: A randomized controlled trial.Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 40, 319–325. - American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2006). Introduction to evidence-based practice: What it is (and what it isn’t). Retrieved May 25, 2006, from http://www.asha.org/members/ebp/default
-
Apel, K. A., & Scudder, R. R. (2005, April). Integrating evidence-based practice instruction into the curriculum.Presentation at the annual meeting of the Council of Academic Programs in Communication Sciences and Disorders, Scottsdale, AZ . -
Barlow, D., & Hersen, M. (1984). Single case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York: Pergamon Press. -
Bondy, A., & Frost, L. (2001). The Picture Exchange Communication System.Behavior Modification, 25, 725–744. -
Browne, M. N., & Keeley, S. (2006). Asking the right questions: A guide to critical thinking (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. -
Bush, C., Steger, M., Mann-Kahris, S., & Insalaco, D. (2004, November). Equivocal results of oral-motor treatment on a child’s articulation.Poster presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA . -
Campbell, T. (n.d.). Oral motor training in the treatment of speech impairment. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from http://depts.washington.edu/spchphys/pres/oral_motor_training.pdf -
Charlop-Christy, M. H., Carpenter, M., Le, L., LeBlanc, L. A., & Kellet, K. (2002). Using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) with children with autism: Assessment of PECS acquisition, speech, social-communicative behavior, and problem behavior.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 35, 213–231. -
Dollaghan, C. (2004, April13). Evidence-based practice: Myths and realities.The ASHA Leader. 4–12,4–5, 12 . -
Fey, M. (2006). Commentary on “Making evidence-based decisions about child language intervention in schools” by Gillam and Gillam.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 37, 316–319. -
Fishman, D. B. (2000). Transcending the efficacy versus effectiveness research debate: Proposal for a new, electronic “Journal of Pragmatic Case Studies.”.Prevention & Treatment, 3(1)Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://content.apa.org/journals/pre/3/1/8 -
Forrest, K. (2002a). Are oral-motor exercises useful in the treatment of phonological/articulatory disorders?.Seminars in Speech and Language, 23, 15–26. -
Forrest, K. (2002b, November). Childhood apraxia of speech: Evaluation and treatment.Seminar presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Atlanta, GA . -
Ganz, J. B., & Simpson, R. L. (2004). Effects on communicative requesting and speech development of the Picture Exchange Communication System in children with characteristics of autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 34, 395–409. -
Gierut, J. (1998). Treatment efficacy: Functional phonological disorders in children.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41, S61–S84. -
Gillam, S., & Gillam, R. (2006). Making evidence-based decisions about child intervention in schools.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 37, 304–315. -
Goldstein, H. (2002). Communication intervention for children with autism: A review of treatment efficacy.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 373–396. -
Hargrove, P., Busch, C., Lund, B., & Griffer, M. (2005, November). Evidence-based practice: It’s not just the evidence.Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Diego, CA . -
Harris, R. P., Helfand, M., Woolf, S. H., Lohr, K. N., Mulrow, C. D., Teutsch, S. M., & Atkins, D. (2001). Current methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: A review of the process.American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 20, 21–35. -
Johnson, C. J. (2006). Getting started in evidence-based practice for childhood speech-language disorders.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 15, 20–35. -
Justice, L. M., & Fey, M. E. (2004, Sept.21). Evidence-based practice in schools: Integrating craft and theory with science and data.The ASHA Leader. 4–32,4–5, 30–32 . -
Kamhi, A. (2004). A meme’s-eye view of speech-language pathology.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 35, 105–111. -
Kumin, L., Von Hagel, K. C., & Bahr, D. C. (2001). An effective oral motor intervention protocol for infants and toddlers with low muscle tone.Infant-Toddler Intervention, 11(3–4)181–200. -
Law, J., Garrett, Z., & Nye, C. (2003). Speech and language interventions for children with primary speech and language delay or disorder.Cochrane Database Systematic Review no. 3: CD004110. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from www.cochrane.org/reviews/en/ab004110.html -
Law, J., Garrett, Z., & Nye, C. (2004). The efficacy of treatment for children with developmental speech and language delay/disorder: A meta-analysis.Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 47, 924–943. -
Lof, G. L. (2003a). Oral motor exercises and treatment outcomes.Perspectives on Language Learning and Education, 10, 7–11. -
Lof, G. L. (2003b). What does the research say regarding oral motor exercises and the treatment of speech sound disorders?. Retrieved June 20, 2006, from http://www.apraxia-kids.org/site/c.chKMI0PIIsE/b.980831/apps/s/content.asp?ct=464461 -
Matthews, B. (2003). A picture’s worth: PECS and other visual communication strategies in autism.Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 28, 311–312. -
Meline, T., & Paradiso, T. (2003). Evidence-based practice in schools: Evaluating research and reducing barriers.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34, 273–283. -
Mirenda, P. (2003). Toward functional augmentative and alternative communication for students with autism: Manual signs, graphic symbols, and voice output communication aids.Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 34, 203–216. -
Moore, C., & Ruark, J. (1996). Does speech emerge from earlier-appearing oral motor behaviors?.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1034–1047. -
Ogletree, B. T., & Harn, W. E. (2001). Augmentative and alternative communication for persons with autism: History, issues, and unanswered questions.Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 16, 138–140. -
Phillips, B., Ball, C., Sackett, D., Badenoch, D., Straus, S., Haynes, B., & Dawes, M. (2001). Levels of evidence and grades of recommendation. Retrieved January 24, 2007, from http://www.cebm.net/levels_of_evidence.asp -
Price, G. (2005). Librarians are better than Google: Eight starting points in convincing our users.One-Person Library, 21, 8. -
Ray, J. (2003). Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on speech intelligibility in individuals with persistent articulatory impairments.The International Journal of Orofacial Myology, 29, 5–14. -
Robey, R. (2004, April13). Levels of evidence.The ASHA Leader. 5. -
Robey, R., & Schultz, M. (1998). A model for conducting clinical-outcome research: An adaptation of the standard protocol for use in aphasiology.Aphasiology, 12, 787–810. -
Roehrig, S., Suiter, D., & Pierce, T. (2004, November). An examination of the effectiveness of passive oral-motor exercises.Poster presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA . -
Ruscello, D. (2005, November). Oral motor treatment: Current state of the art.Poster presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association annual meeting, San Diego, CA . -
Saben, C., & Ingham, J. (1991). The effects of minimal pairs treatment on the speech sound production of two children with speech sound disorders.Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34, 1023–1040. -
Sackett, D. L., Rosenberg, W. M. C., Gray, J. A. M., Haynes, R. B., & Richardson, W. S. (1996). Evidence-based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t.British Medical Journal, 312, 71–72. -
Stricker, G. (2000). The relationship between efficacy and effectiveness.Prevention & Treatment, 3(1)Retrieved March 30, 2007, from http://content.apa.org/journals/pre/3/1/10 -
Throneburg, R. N., Calvert, L. K., Sturm, J. J., Paramboukas, A. A., & Paul, P. J. (2000). A comparison of service delivery models: Effects on curricular vocabulary skills in the school setting.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 9, 10–20. -
Watson, M., & Lof, G. (2004, November). Use of non-speech oral motor therapy: National survey results.Poster presented at the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association annual meeting, Philadelphia, PA . -
Wessel, C. B., Tannery, N. H., & Epstein, B. A. (2006). Information-seeking behavior and use of information resources by clinical research coordinators.Journal of the Medical Library Association, 94, 48–54. -
Wilcox, M. J., Kouri, T. A, & Caswell, S. B. (1991). Early language intervention: A comparison of classroom and individual treatment.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1, 49–62. -
Zipoli, R. P., & Kennedy, M. (2005). Evidence-based practice among speech-language pathologists: Attitudes, utilization, and barriers.American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 14, 208–220.