No access
Research Article
11 May 2022

Effects of Early Intervention Frequency on Expressive Vocabulary Growth Rates of Very Young Children Who Are Deaf or Hard of Hearing: How Much Is Enough?

Publication: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Volume 65, Number 5
Pages 1978-1987

Abstract

Purpose:

The aims of this study were to explore expressive vocabulary growth rates of children who are deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) during critical periods of brain development (birth to 3 years) as well as the factors that influence the trajectories of vocabulary growth in these early years of development. Of primary interest was the effect of intervention frequency on expressive vocabulary growth.

Method:

Hierarchical linear modeling was used to investigate trajectories of expressive vocabulary growth using multiple measures of longitudinal vocabulary scores. A total of 417 assessments across 105 participants were analyzed to determine the average rate of lexical growth in a young population of children who are DHH receiving early intervention before age 3 years. Expected growth trajectories were constructed based on varying frequencies of intervention during critical periods of brain development.

Results:

Results indicated average growth rates of 5.21 new words expressed per week. Increased intervention hours prior to age 3 years was significantly associated with higher degrees of expressive vocabulary growth.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study suggest that greater intervention hours received before age 3 years are associated with higher degrees of expressive vocabulary growth for children who are DHH.

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Behl, D. D., Blasier, K., Cook, G., Barrett, T., Callow-Heusser, C., Brooks, B. M., Dawson, P., Quigley, S., & White, K. (2017). A multisite study evaluating the benefits of early intervention via telepractice. Infants and Young Children, 30(2), 147–161.
Bertoncini, J. (1993). Infants' perception of speech units: Primary representation capacities. In de Boysson-Bardies, B., de Schonen, S., Jusczyk, P., McNeilage, P., & Morton, J. (Eds.), Developmental neurocognition: Speech and face processing in the first year of life (pp. 249–257). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Blaiser, K. M., Behl, D., Callow-Heusser, C., & White, K. (2013). Measuring costs and outcomes of tele-intervention when serving families of children who are deaf/hard-of-hearing. International Journal of Telerehabilitation, 5(2), 3–10.
Chu, C., Dettman, S., & Choo, D. (2020). Early intervention intensity and language outcomes for children using cochlear implants. Deafness & Education International, 22, 156–174.
Davidson, L., Osman, A., & Geers, A. E. (2021). The effects of early intervention on language growth after age 3 for children with permanent hearing loss. Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention, 6(1), 1–11.
Davidson, L. S., Geers, A. E., & Nicholas, J. G. (2014). The effects of audibility and novel word learning ability on vocabulary level in children with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants International, 15(4), 211–221.
Eilers, R. E., Bull, D. H., Oller, D. K., & Lewis, D. C. (1984). The discrimination of vowel duration by infants. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 75(4), 1213–1218.
Eimas, P. D., Siqueland, E. R., Jusczyk, P., & Vigorito, J. (1971). Speech perception in infants. Science , 171(3968), 303–306.
Eskridge, H. R., McConkey Robbins, A., Wilson, K., & Zombek, L. (2015). Position paper: Pediatric habilitation after cochlear implantation. American Cochlear Implant Alliance. http://www.acialliance.org/resource/resmgr/docs/aci_paper_pediatric_rehab.pdf
Estabrooks, W., MacIver-Lux, K., & Rhoades, E. A. (2016). Auditory-verbal therapy for young children with hearing loss and their families and the practitioners who guide them. Plural.
Fenson, L., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., Bates, E., Thal, D. J., Pethick, S. J., Tomasello, M., Mervis, C. B., & Stiles, J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the society for research in child development, 59(5), i–185.
Fenson, L., Marchman, V. A., Thal, D. J., Dale, P. S., Reznick, J. S., & Bates, E. (2007). MacArthur-Bates communicative development inventories (2nd ed.). Brookes.
Frank, M. C., Braginsky, M., Yurovsky, D., & Marchman, V. A. (2017). Wordbank: An open repository for developmental vocabulary data. Journal of Child Language, 44(3), 677–694.
Ganek, H., Robbins, A. M., & Niparko, J. K. (2012). Language outcomes after cochlear implantation. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 45(1), 173–185.
Geers, A. E., Moog, J. S., & Rudge, A. M. (2019). Effects of frequency of early intervention on spoken language and literacy levels of children who are deaf or hard of hearing in preschool and elementary school. Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention, 4(1), 15–27.
Gilkerson, J., Richards, J. A., Warren, S. F., Oller, D. K., Russo, R., & Vohr, B. (2018). Language experience in the second year of life and language outcomes in late childhood. Pediatrics, 142(4), e20174276.
Graven, S. N., & Browne, J. V. (2008). Sensory development in the fetus, neonate, and infant: Introduction and overview. Newborn and Infant Nursing Reviews , 8(4), 169–172.
Hayes, H., Geers, A. E., Treiman, R., & Moog, J. S. (2009). Receptive vocabulary development in deaf children with cochlear implants: Achievement in an intensive auditory-oral educational setting. Ear and Hearing, 30(1), 128–135.
IBM Corp. (2016). IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. IBM Corp.
Kral, A. (2013). Auditory critical periods: A review from system's perspective. Neuroscience , 247, 117–133.
Leadsom, A., Field, F., Burstow, P., & Lucas, C. (2013) 1001 critical days: The importance of the conception to age two period. https://www.nwcscnsenate.nhs.uk/files/8614/7325/1138/1001cdmanifesto.pdf
Moon, C., Lagercrantz, H. K., & Kuhl, P. K. (2013). Language experienced in utero affects vowel perception after birth: A two-country study. Acta Paediatrica, 102(2), 156–160.
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2015). NIDCD Fact sheet hearing and balance: Your baby's hearing and communicative development checklist. National Institutes of Health. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/sites/default/files/Documents/health/hearing/NIDCD-Hearing-Development-Checklist.pdf
Nelson, L. H., Gotcher, S. C., & Smith, L. (2020). Getting started with home visits: Recommendations for serving families of children who are deaf or hard of hearing. Journal of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention, 5(2), 26–39.
Nott, P., Cowan, R., Brown, P. M., & Wigglesworth, G. (2009). Early language development in children with profound hearing loss fitted with a device at a young age: Part I—the time period taken to acquire first words and first word combinations. Ear and Hearing, 30(5), 526–540.
Raudenbush, S. W., Bryk, A. S., Cheong, Y. F., & Congdon, R. (2019). HLM 8 for Windows [Computer software] . Scientific Software International, Inc.
Rhoades, E. A., & Duncan, J. (2017). Auditory-verbal practice: Family-centered early intervention. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Ltd.
Rush, D. D., & Shelden, M. L. (2019). The early childhood coaching handbook (2nd ed.). Brookes.
Saffran, J. R., Aslin, R. N., & Newport, E. L. (1996). Statistical learning by 8-month-old infants. Science , 274(5294), 1926–1928.
Sharma, A., & Campbell, J. (2011). A sensitive period for cochlear implantation in deaf children. Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, 24(1), 151–153.
Sharma, A., Nash, A. A., & Dorman, M. (2009). Cortical development, plasticity and re-organization in children with cochlear implants. Journal of Communication Disorders, 42(4), 272–279.
Shonkoff, J. (2017). Brain architecture. Center on the Developing Child: Harvard University. https://developingchild.harvard.edu/science/key-concepts/brain-architecture/
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press.
Thal, D., Desjardin, J. L., & Eisenberg, L. S. (2007). Validity of the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories for measuring language abilities in children with cochlear implants. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 16(1), 54–64.
Tsao, F.-M., Liu, H.-M., & Kuhl, P. K. (2004). Speech perception in infancy predicts language development in the second year of life: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 75(4), 1067–1084.
Willett, J. B., Singer, J. D., & Martin, N. C. (1998). The design and analysis of longitudinal studies of development and psychopathology in context: Statistical methods and methodological recommendations. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 395–426.
Yoshinaga-Itano, C., Sedey, A. L., Wiggin, M., & Chung, W. (2017). Early hearing detection and vocabulary of children with hearing loss. Pediatrics, 140(2), e20162964.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Volume 65Number 511 May 2022
Pages: 1978-1987
PubMed: 35344389

History

  • Received: Jun 9, 2021
  • Revised: Sep 20, 2021
  • Accepted: Jan 11, 2022
  • Published online: Mar 28, 2022
  • Published in issue: May 11, 2022

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

The Moog Center for Deaf Education, St. Louis, MO
Betsy Moog Brooks
The Moog Center for Deaf Education, St. Louis, MO
Heather Grantham
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
Central Institute for the Deaf, St. Louis, MO

Notes

Disclosure: The authors have declared that no competing financial or nonfinancial interests existed at the time of publication.
Correspondence to Amanda M. Rudge: [email protected]
Editor-in-Chief: Peggy B. Nelson
Editor: Tina M. Grieco-Calub

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Article Metrics
View all metrics



Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Citing Literature

  • Study protocol for Hear Me Read (HMR): A prospective clinical trial assessing a digital storybook intervention for young children who are deaf or hard of hearing, PLOS ONE, 10.1371/journal.pone.0302734, 19, 5, (e0302734), (2024).
  • Evidence-Based Practices for Evaluating Preschoolers Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing Using Listening and Spoken Language for Special Education Eligibility, Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 10.1044/2024_PERSP-24-00081, 9, 5, (1377-1397), (2024).
  • Narrative Intervention for Preschoolers Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing Using Listening and Spoken Language: A Pilot Study, Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 10.1044/2023_LSHSS-23-00063, 55, 2, (510-528), (2024).

View Options

Sign In Options

ASHA member? If so, log in with your ASHA website credentials for full access.

Member Login

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share