Understanding the Broader Impact of Stuttering: Suicidal Ideation
Publication: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Volume 32, Number 5
Pages 2087-2110
Abstract
Purpose:
Suicide and suicidal ideation are topics that have a long but limited history in stuttering research. Clinicians and clinical researchers have discussed personal and therapeutic experiences with clients who have attempted suicide, died by suicide, or struggled with suicidal thoughts. This study sought to (a) explore the occurrence of suicidal ideation in a sample of adults who stutter; (b) evaluate the relationship between adverse impact related to stuttering and suicidal ideation; and (c) document respondents' thoughts related to suicide, stuttering, and their intersection.
Method:
One hundred forty adults who stutter completed the Suicide Behavior Questionnaire–Revised (SBQ-R). Of these, 70 participants completed the Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ), and 67 completed the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES). Participants who indicated at least some tendency for suicidal thoughts on the SBQ-R (n = 95) were then asked a set of follow-up questions to explore their experiences of suicidal ideation related to stuttering.
Results:
Quantitative data indicated that the majority of adults who reported experiencing suicidal ideation associated these experiences with stuttering (61.2%, n = 59). Individuals with higher Total Scores on the PTQ and OASES were predicted to experience significantly higher rates of suicidal ideation and, in particular, a higher likelihood of having more frequent suicidal ideation in the past year. Qualitative analyses revealed that suicidal ideation intersects meaningfully with the experience of stuttering.
Conclusions:
Data from this study highlight the importance of considering broader life consequences of stuttering that some adults may experience, including suicidal ideation. By being cognizant that clients may develop such thoughts, speech-language pathologists can play a valuable role in identifying and providing necessary support for at-risk individuals.
Supplemental Material:
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Ahlbach, J., & Benson, V. (Eds.). (1994). To say what is ours: The best of 13 years of letting go (2nd ed.). The National Stuttering Project.
Allison, P. D. (1999). Logistic regression using the SAS system: Theory and application. SAS Institute.
Alm, P. A. (2014). Stuttering in relation to anxiety, temperament, and personality: Review and analysis with focus on causality. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 5–21.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (2016). Scope of practice.
Bartlett, J. W., Carpenter, J. R., Tilling, K., & Vansteelandt, S. (2014). Improving upon the efficiency of complete case analysis when covariates are MNAR. Biostatistics, 15(4), 719–730.
Batterham, P. J., Ftanou, M., Pirkis, J., Brewer, J. L., Mackinnon, A. J., Beautrais, A., Fairweather-Schmidt, A. K., & Christensen, H. (2015). A systematic review and evaluation of measures for suicidal ideation and behaviors in population-based research. Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 501–512.
Beilby, J. M. (2014). Psychosocial impact of living with a stuttering disorder: Knowing is not enough. Seminars in Speech and Language, 35(2), 132–143.
Beilby, J. M., & Byrnes, M. L. (2012). Acceptance and commitment therapy for people who stutter. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 22(1), 34–46.
Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012a). Acceptance and commitment therapy for adults who stutter: Psychosocial adjustment and speech fluency. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37(4), 289–299.
Beilby, J. M., Byrnes, M. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2012b). The impact of a stuttering disorder on Western Australian children and adolescents. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 22(2), 51–62.
Bertolote, J. M. (2014). Prevention of suicidal behaviors. In M. Nock (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of suicide and self-injury (pp. 355–366). Oxford University Press.
Blades, C. A., Stritzke, W. G. K., Page, A. C., & Brown, J. D. (2018). The benefits and risks of asking research participants about suicide: A meta-analysis of the impact of exposure to suicide-related content. Clinical Psychology Review, 64, 1–12.
Blood, G. W. (1995). A behavioral-cognitive therapy program for adults who stutter: Computers and counseling. Journal of Communication Disorders, 28(2), 165–180.
Bloodstein, O. (1958). Stuttering as an anticipatory struggle reaction. In J. Eisenson (Ed.), Stuttering: A symposium (pp. 1–70). Harper & Row.
Bloodstein, O. (1972). The anticipatory struggle hypothesis: Implications of research on the variability of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15(3), 487–499.
Bloodstein, O. (1975). Stuttering as tension and fragmentation. In J. Eisenson (Ed.), Stuttering: A second symposium. Harper & Row.
Blumgart, E., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. (2010). An investigation into the personal financial costs associated with stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 35(3), 203–215.
Blumgart, E., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. (2014). Social support and its association with negative affect in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 83–92.
Borges, G., Nock, M., Haro Abad, J. M., Hwang, I., Sampson, N. A., Alonso, J., Andrade, L. H., Angermeyer, M. C., Beautrais, A., Bromet, E., Bruffaerts, R., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Kovess-Masfety, V., Lee, S., Levinson, D., … Kessler, R. C. (2010). Twelve-month prevalence of and risk factors for suicide attempts in the World Health Organization world mental health surveys. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(12), 1617–1628.
Boyatzis, R. E. (1998). Transforming qualitative information: Thematic analysis and code development. SAGE.
Boyle, M. P. (2011). Mindfulness training in stuttering therapy: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(2), 122–129.
Boyle, M. P. (2013). Assessment of stigma associated with stuttering: Development and evaluation of the Self-Stigma of Stuttering Scale (4S). Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 56(5), 1517–1529.
Boyle, M. P. (2016). Relations between causal attributions for stuttering and psychological well-being in adults who stutter. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(1), 1–10.
Boyle, M. P. (2018). Enacted stigma and felt stigma experienced by adults who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 73, 50–61.
Boyle, M. P., & Fearon, A. N. (2018). Self-stigma and its associations with stress, physical health, and health care satisfaction in adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 56, 112–121.
Bradberry, A. (1997). The role of support groups and stuttering therapy. Seminars in Speech and Language, 18(4), 391–399.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101.
Briley, P. M., Gerlach, H., & Jacobs, M. M. (2021). Relationships between stuttering, depression, and suicidal ideation in young adults: Accounting for gender differences. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 67, Article 105820.
Brocklehurst, P. H., Lickley, R. J., & Corley, M. (2013). Revisiting Bloodstein's anticipatory struggle hypothesis from a psycholinguistic perspective: A variable release threshold hypothesis of stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 46(3), 217–237.
Brundage, S. B., Winters, K. L., & Beilby, J. M. (2017). Fear of negative evaluation, trait anxiety, and judgment bias in adults who stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(2), 498–510.
Carota, A., Rimoldi, F., & Calabrese, P. (2016). Wernicke's aphasia and attempted suicide. Acta Neurologica Belgica, 116(4), 659–661.
Chan, S., Miranda, R., & Surrence, K. (2009). Subtypes of rumination in the relationship between negative life events and suicidal ideation. Archives of Suicide Research, 13(2), 123–135.
Cheasman, C. (2013). A mindful approach to stammering. In C. Cheasman, R. Everard, & S. Simpson (Eds.), Stammering therapy from the inside (pp. 227–265). J & R Press.
Christensen, R. H. B. (2019). Ordinal Regression Models for Ordinal Data (R package version 2019.12-10) . https://cran.r-project.org/package=ordinal
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Constantino, C. D., Manning, W. H., & Nordstrom, S. N. (2017). Rethinking covert stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 53, 26–40.
Cook, R. D. (1979). Influential observations in linear regression. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(365), 169–174.
Cooper, E. B. (1966). Client–clinician relationships and concomitant factors in stuttering therapy. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 9(2), 194–207.
Corcoran, J. A., & Stewart, M. (1998). Stories of stuttering: A qualitative analysis of interview narratives. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 23(4), 247–264.
Costanza, A., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Magnani, L., Serafini, G., Amore, M., Merli, R., Ambrosetti, J., Bondolfi, G., Marzano, L., & Berardelli, I. (2021). “Hard to say, hard to understand, hard to live”: Possible associations between neurologic language impairments and suicide risk. Brain Sciences, 11(12), Article 1594.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Anxiety levels in people who stutter: A randomized population study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 46(5), 1197–1206.
Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. SAGE.
Daniels, D. E., & Gabel, R. M. (2004). The impact of stuttering on identity construction. Topics in Language Disorders, 24(3), 200–215.
Deal, J. L. (1982). Sudden onset of stuttering: A case report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47(3), 301–304.
De Nardo, T., Gabel, R. M., Tetnowski, J. A., & Swartz, E. R. (2016). Self-acceptance of stuttering: A preliminary study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 60, 27–38.
Draper, B., Peisah, C., Snowdon, J., & Brodaty, H. (2010). Early dementia diagnosis and the risk of suicide and euthanasia. Alzheimer's and Dementia, 6(1), 75–82.
Druker, K., Hennessey, N., Mazzucchelli, T., & Beilby, J. (2019). Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 80–90.
Ehring, T., Zetsche, U., Weidacker, K., Wahl, K., Schönfeld, S., & Ehlers, A. (2011). The Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ): Validation of a content-independent measure of repetitive negative thinking. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 42(2), 225–232.
Emerick, L. (1988). Counseling adults who stutter: A cognitive approach. Seminars in Speech and Language, 9(03), 257–267.
Emge, G., & Pellowski, M. W. (2019). Incorporating a mindfulness meditation exercise into a stuttering treatment program. Communication Disorders Quarterly, 40(2), 125–128.
Fraser, J. (2014). Troubled by stuttering article. The ASHA Leader, 19(8).
Fusch, P. I., & Ness, L. R. (2015). Are we there yet? Data saturation in qualitative research. The Qualitative Report, 20(9), 1408–1416. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol20/iss9/3,
Gabel, R. M., Blood, G. W., Tellis, G. M., & Althouse, M. T. (2004). Measuring role entrapment of people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(1), 27–49.
Gerlach, H., Hollister, J., Caggiano, L., & Zebrowski, P. M. (2019). The utility of stuttering support organization conventions for young people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 62, Article 105724.
Gerlach, H., Totty, E., Subramanian, A., & Zebrowski, P. (2018). Stuttering and labor market outcomes in the United States. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 61(7), 1649–1663.
Ginsberg, A. P., & Wexler, K. B. (2000). Understanding stuttering and counseling clients who stutter. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22(3), 228–239.
Harmer, B., Lee, S., Duong, T., & Saadabadi, A. (2023). Suicidal ideation. StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK565877/
Hart, A. K., Breen, L. J., & Beilby, J. M. (2021). Evaluation of an integrated fluency and acceptance and commitment therapy intervention for adolescents and adults who stutter: Participant perspectives. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 69, Article 105852.
Hays, P., & Leigh Field, L. (1989). Postulated genetic linkage between manic-depression and stuttering. Journal of Affective Disorders, 16(1), 37–40.
Hedley, D., Uljarević, M., Foley, K. R., Richdale, A., & Trollor, J. (2018). Risk and protective factors underlying depression and suicidal ideation in autism spectrum disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 35(7), 648–657.
Helgadóttir, F. D., Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2014). A standalone internet cognitive behavior therapy treatment for social anxiety in adults who stutter: CBTpsych. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 41(C), 47–54.
Hogan, M. F., & Goldman, M. L. (2021). New opportunities to improve mental health crisis systems. Psychiatric Services, 72(2), 169–173.
Huang, R. (2016). RQDA: R-based qualitative data analysis. R Package Version 0.2-8. http://rqda.r-forge.r-project.org/
Iverach, L., Jones, M., Lowe, R., O'Brian, S., Menzies, R. G., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2018). Comparison of adults who stutter with and without social anxiety disorder. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 56, 55–68.
Iverach, L., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). Social anxiety disorder and stuttering: Current status and future directions. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 69–82.
Jackson, E. S., Yaruss, J. S., Quesal, R. W., Terranova, V., & Whalen, D. H. (2015). Responses of adults who stutter to the anticipation of stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 45, 38–51.
Juurlink, D. N., Herrmann, N., Szalai, J. P., Kopp, A., & Redelmeier, D. A. (2004). Medical illness and the risk of suicide in the elderly. Archives of Internal Medicine, 164(11), 1179–1184.
Kassambara, A. (2020). Ggpubr: “ggplot2” based publication ready plots (R package version 0.3.0) . https://cran.r-project.org/package=ggpubr
Kelman, E., & Wheeler, S. (2015). Cognitive behaviour therapy with children who stutter. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 165–174.
Kleiman, E. M., & Liu, R. T. (2013). Social support as a protective factor in suicide: Findings from two nationally representative samples. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(2), 540–545.
Klein, J. F., & Hood, S. B. (2004). The impact of stuttering on employment opportunities and job performance. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(4), 255–273.
Koç, M. (2010). The effect of cognitive-behavioral therapy on stuttering. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(3), 301–309.
Kuehner, C., & Weber, I. (1999). Responses to depression in unipolar depressed patients: An investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's response styles theory. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1323–1333.
Kuster, J. M. (2012). Clients who threaten suicide—and our responsibilities. The ASHA Leader, 17(14), 1–6.
Kuster, J. M., Palasik, S., Gabel, R. M., Donaher, J., & Healey, E. C. (2013). Stuttering and suicide: Our experiences and responsibilities [Conference Session] . American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
Lindsay, A., & Langevin, M. (2017). Psychological counseling as an adjunct to stuttering treatment: Clients' experiences and perceptions. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 52, 1–12.
Luterman, D. M. (2017). Counseling persons with communication disorders and their families (6th ed.). Pro-Ed.
Madsen, T., Erlangsen, A., Orlovska, S., Mofaddy, R., Nordentoft, M., & Benros, M. E. (2018). Association between traumatic brain injury and risk of suicide. JAMA, 320(6), 580–588.
Martin, L., Tesser, A., & McIntosh, W. (1993). Wanting but not having: The effects of unattained goals on thoughts and feelings. In D. M. Wegner & J. W. Pennebaker (Eds.), Century psychology series. Handbook of mental control (pp. 552–572). Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Mazerolle, M. (2020). AICcmodavg: Model selection and multimodel inference based on (Q)AIC(c) (R package version 2.3-1) . https://cran.r-project.org/package=AICcmodavg
McAllister, J., Collier, J., & Shepstone, L. (2012). The impact of adolescent stuttering on educational and employment outcomes: Evidence from a birth cohort study. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37(2), 106–121.
Menzies, R. G., O'Brian, S., Onslow, M., & Packman, A., St Clare, T., & Block, S. (2008). An experimental clinical trial of a cognitive-behavior therapy package for chronic stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 51(6), 1451–1464.
Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & O'Brian, S. (2009). Cognitive behavior therapy for adults who stutter: A tutorial for speech-language pathologists. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 187–200.
Menzies, R., O'Brian, S., Packman, A., Jones, M., Helgadóttir, F. D., & Onslow, M. (2019). Supplementing stuttering treatment with online cognitive behavior therapy: An experimental trial. Journal of Communication Disorders, 80, 81–91.
Messenger, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Menzies, R. (2004). Social anxiety in stuttering: Measuring negative social expectancies. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(3), 201–212.
Michise, J., & Palasik, S. (2017). Acceptance & commitment therapy: An experiential journey for clinicians & people who stutter. eHearsay, 1(7), https://ambi.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2017eHearsayArticle_MichisePalasik.pdf
Miranda, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3088–3095.
Morrison, R., & O'Connor, R. C. (2008). A systematic review of the relationship between rumination and suicidality. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 38(5), 523–538.
Mrazek, P. J., & Haggerty, R. J. (Eds.). (1994). Reducing risks for mental disorders: Frontiers for preventive intervention research. National Academies Press.
Murphy, B., Quesal, R. W., & Gulker, H. (2007). Covert stuttering. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 17(2), 4–9.
Murphy, W. P., Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2007). Enhancing treatment for school-age children who stutter. II. Reducing bullying through role-playing and self-disclosure. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 32(2), 139–162.
National Institute of Health. (2019). Suicide is a leading cause of death in the United States of America. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/suicide
Nax, H., & Kausar, R. (2020). Acceptance and commitment therapy integrated with stuttering management: A case study. Bahria Journal of Professional Psychology, 19(1), 99–112.
Newman, D. A. (2014). Missing data: Five practical guidelines. Organizational Research Methods, 17(4), 372–411.
Nock, M., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Beautrais, A., Bruffaerts, R., Chiu, W. T., de Girolamo, G., Gluzman, S., de Graaf, R., Gureje, O., Haro, M., Huang, Y., Karam, E., Kessler, R. C., Lepine, J. P., Levinson, D., Medina-Mora, M. E., … Williams, D. (2008). Cross-national prevalence and risk factors for suicidal ideation, plans, and attempts. Journal of Psychiatry, 192(2), 98–105.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2004). The response styles theory. In C. Papageorgiou & A. Wells (Eds.), Depressive rumination nature, theory and treatment (pp. 107–123). Wiley.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008). Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(5), 400–424.
Osman, A., Bagge, C. L., Gutierrez, P. M., Konick, L. C., Kopper, B. A., & Barrios, F. X. (2001). The Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire-Revised (SBQ-R): Validation with clinical and nonclinical samples. Assessment, 8(4), 443–454.
Osman, A., Barrios, F. X., Gutierrez, P. M., Wrangham, J. J., Kopper, B. A., Truelove, R. S., & Linden, S. C. (2002). The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI) inventory: Psychometric evaluation with adolescent psychiatric inpatient samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 79(3), 512–530.
Osman, A., Gutierrez, P. M., Kopper, B. A., Barrios, F. X., & Chiros, C. E. (1998). The positive and negative suicide ideation inventory: Development and validation. Psychological Reports, 82(3), 783–793.
Palasik, S., Gabel, R., Hughes, C., & Rusnak, E. (2012). Perceptions about occupational experiences by people who stutter. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 22(1), 22–33.
Palasik, S., & Hannan, J. (2013). The clinical applications of acceptance and commitment therapy with clients who stutter. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 23(2), 54–69.
Pietrzak, R. H., Goldstein, M. B., Malley, J. C., Rivers, A. J., Johnson, D. C., & Southwick, S. M. (2010). Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 123(1–3), 102–107.
Piscopo, K., Lipari, R., Cooney, J., & Cristie, G. (2016). Suicidal thoughts and behavior among adults: Results from the 2015 national survey on drug use and Health. NSDUH Data Review; Department of Health and Human Services.
Plexico, L. W., Erath, S., Shores, H., & Burrus, E. (2019). Self-acceptance, resilience, coping and satisfaction of life in people who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 52–63.
Plexico, L. W., & Sandage, M. J. (2011). A mindful approach to stuttering intervention. SIG 4 Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 21(2), 43–49.
Qualtrics. (2021). Qualtrics (February, 2019). https://www.qualtrics.com/
Ram, D., Koneru, A., & Gowdappa, B. (2020). Relationship between life skills, repetitive negative thinking, family function, and life satisfaction in attempted suicide. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(3), 283–289.
R Core Team. (2022). R: A language and environment for statistical computing (4.2.1 (2022-06-23)). The R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Reddy, R. P., Sharma, M. P., & Shivashankar, N. (2010). Cognitive behavior therapy for stuttering: A case series. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 32(1), 49–53.
Revelle, W. (2022). Psych: Psychological, psychometric, and personality research (2.2.5). Northwestern University. https://cran.r-project.org/package=psych
Rogers, M. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2017). Rumination, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts: A meta-analytic review. Review of General Psychology, 21(2), 132–142.
Rossom, R. C., Coleman, K. J., Ahmedani, B. K., Beck, A., Johnson, E., Oliver, M., & Simon, G. E. (2017). Suicidal ideation reported on the PHQ9 and risk of suicidal behavior across age groups. Journal of Affective Disorders, 215, 77–84.
Sareen, J., Cox, B. J., Afifi, T. O., de Graaf, R., Asmundson, G. J. G., ten Have, M., & Stein, M. B. (2005). Anxiety disorders and risk for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: A population-based longitudinal study of adults. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(11), 1249–1257.
Sheehan, J. G. (1953). Theory and treatment of stuttering as an approach-avoidance conflict. The Journal of Psychology, 36(1), 27–49.
Sheehan, J. G. (1970). Stuttering: Research and therapy. Harper & Row.
Surgenor, P. W. G. (2015). Promoting recovery from suicidal ideation through the development of protective factors. Counselling and Psychotherapy Research, 15(3), 207–216.
Surrence, K., Miranda, R., Marroquín, B. M., & Chan, S. (2009). Brooding and reflective rumination among suicide attempters: Cognitive vulnerability to suicidal ideation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47(9), 803–808.
Taylor, M. R., Boden, J. M., & Rucklidge, J. J. (2014). The relationship between ADHD symptomatology and self-harm, suicidal ideation, and suicidal behaviours in adults: A pilot study. ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders, 6(4), 303–312.
Teismann, T., & Forkmann, T. (2017). Rumination, entrapment and suicide ideation: A mediational model. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 24(1), 226–234.
Tichenor, S. E., Constantino, C. D., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022). A point of view about fluency. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(2), 645–652.
Tichenor, S. E., Herring, C., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022). Understanding the speaker's experience of stuttering can improve stuttering therapy. Topics in Language Disorders, 42(1), 57–75.
Tichenor, S. E., Johnson, C. A., & Yaruss, J. S. (2021). A preliminary investigation of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder characteristics in adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 64(3), 839–853.
Tichenor, S. E., Leslie, P., Shaiman, S., & Yaruss, J. S. (2017). Speaker and observer perceptions of physical tension during stuttering. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 69(4), 180–189.
Tichenor, S. E., Walsh, B. M., Gerwin, K. L., & Yaruss, J. S. (2022). Emotional regulation and its influence on the experience of stuttering across the life span. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(7), 2412–2430.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2018). A phenomenological analysis of the experience of stuttering. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(3S), 1180–1194.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2019a). Group experiences and individual differences in stuttering. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(12), 4335–4350.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2019b). Stuttering as defined by adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 62(12), 4356–4369.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020a). Recovery and relapse: Perspectives from adults who stutter. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 63(7), 2162–2176.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2020b). Repetitive negative thinking, temperament, and adverse impact in adults who stutter. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1), 201–215.
Tichenor, S. E., & Yaruss, J. S. (2021). Variability of stuttering: Behavior and impact. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 30(1), 75–88.
Trichon, M., & Tetnowski, J. (2011). Self-help conferences for people who stutter: A qualitative investigation. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 290–295.
Van Borsel, J., Brepoels, M., & De Coene, J. (2011). Stuttering, attractiveness and romantic relationships: The perception of adolescents and young adults. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(1), 41–50.
Vancampfort, D., Hallgren, M., Firth, J., Rosenbaum, S., Schuch, F. B., Mugisha, J., Probst, M., Van Damme, T., Carvalho, A. F., & Stubbs, B. (2018). Physical activity and suicidal ideation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 438–448.
Van Orden, K. A., Witte, T. K., Cukrowicz, K. C., Braithwaite, S. R., Selby, E. A., & Joiner, T. E. (2010). The interpersonal theory of suicide. Psychological Review, 117(2), 575–600.
Van Riper, C. (1973). The treatment of stuttering. Prentice-Hall.
Van Riper, C. (1982). The nature of stuttering. Prentice Hall.
Watkins, E. R. (2008). Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought. Psychological Bulletin, 134(2), 163–206.
White, I. R., & Carlin, J. B. (2010). Bias and efficiency of multiple imputation compared with complete-case analysis for missing covariate values. Statistics in Medicine, 29(28), 2920–2931.
World Health Organization. (2019). WHO suicide data. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide
World Health Organization. (2001). The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). https://www.who.int/standards/classifications/international-classification-of-functioning-disability-and-health
Wickham, H. (2016). ggplot2: Elegant graphics for data analysis. Springer-Verlag. https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org
Wickham, H. (2019). A grammar of data manipulation (0.8.0.1). http://dplyr.tidyverse.org
Williams, R. (2006). Generalized ordered logit/partial proportional odds models for ordinal dependent variables. Stata Journal, 6(1), 58–82.
Williams, R. (2016). Understanding and interpreting generalized ordered logit models. Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 40(1), 7–20.
Yaruss, J. S. (1998). Describing the consequences of disorders: Stuttering and the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 41(2), 249–257.
Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. (2006). Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES): Documenting multiple outcomes in stuttering treatment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 31(2), 90–115.
Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. (2016). Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering (OASES). Pearson.
Yaruss, J. S., Quesal, R., & Murphy, B. (2002). National Stuttering Association members' opinions about stuttering treatment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27(3), 227–242.
Yaruss, J. S., Quesal, R., Reeves, L., Molt, L. F., Kluetz, B., Caruso, A. J., McClure, J. A., & Lewis, F. (2002). Speech treatment and support group experiences of people who participate in the National Stuttering Association. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 27(2), 115–134.
Yaruss, J. S., & Quesal, R. W. (2004). Stuttering and the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF): An update. Journal of Communication Disorders, 37(1), 35–52.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Volume 32 • Number 5 • September 2023
Pages: 2087-2110
PubMed: 37473446
Copyright
Copyright © 2023 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
History
- Received: Jan 9, 2023
- Revised: Mar 1, 2023
- Accepted: Apr 21, 2023
- Published online: Jul 20, 2023
- Published in issue: Sep 11, 2023
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Metrics
View all metricsCitations
Download article citation data for:
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
View Options
Sign In Options
ASHA member? If so, log in with your ASHA website credentials for full access.
Member Login