No access
Research Article
18 September 2024

The Relationship Between Executive Functioning and Narrative Language Abilities in Aphasia

Publication: American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Volume 33, Number 5
Pages 2500-2523

Abstract

Purpose:

Although individuals with aphasia commonly exhibit challenges in executive functioning (EF) and spoken discourse, there is limited research exploring connections between these abilities within this specific population. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between verbal and nonverbal EF and narrative productions in aphasia using a multilevel linguistic approach.

Method:

Participants included 22 persons with aphasia (PWA) and 24 age- and education-matched, neurologically healthy controls (NHC). All participants completed assessments for EF and a story retelling task. Narrative samples were analyzed for microlinguistic (productivity, lexical and syntactic features, semantic content, word and sentence errors) and macrolinguistic (coherence, informational content, organization, and language use) characteristics. Correlational analyses were employed to explore the relationships among narrative variables. EF factors, extracted from principal component analysis, were used as predictive variables in hierarchical stepwise regression analyses to evaluate their role in predicting narrative performances of PWA and NHC.

Results:

Relative to NHC, PWA exhibited impaired narrative performance affecting both microlinguistic and macrolinguistic levels. Breakdowns at the structural level (i.e., reduced productivity, syntax, lexical retrieval, and diversity) correlated with impaired story completeness, organization, and connectedness; this relationship was more prominent for PWA. Three EF factors representing (1) verbal EF, (2) verbal and nonverbal fluency, and (3) nonverbal EF were extracted. Factors 1 and 2 largely predicted narrative performance, whereas Factor 3 (i.e., nonverbal EF) contributed prominently to predicting macrolinguistic discourse performance in both groups although accounting for less variance in the data. Overall, lower EF scores, particularly verbal EF variables, predicted poor narrative performance in both groups.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that both linguistic and extralinguistic cognitive abilities play a role in story retelling performances among PWA. Notably, both verbal and nonverbal EF skills were found to be correlated with narrative abilities. However, the extent of their contributions varied depending on the discourse levels assessed. These findings provide a significant contribution to our understanding of the cognitive factors associated with breakdowns in discourse among PWA and highlight the importance of comprehensive assessment of EF and discourse within this population.

Supplemental Material:

Get full access to this article

View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.

References

Alyahya, R. S. W., Conroy, P., Halai, A. D., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2022). An efficient, accurate and clinically-applicable index of content word fluency in aphasia. Aphasiology, 36(8), 921–939.
Alyahya, R. S. W., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Halai, A., & Hoffman, P. (2022). The cognitive and neural underpinnings of discourse coherence in post-stroke aphasia. Communications, 4(3), Article fcac147.
Andreetta, S., Cantagallo, A., & Marini, A. (2012). Narrative discourse in anomic aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 50(8), 1787–1793.
Andreetta, S., & Marini, A. (2015). The effect of lexical deficits on narrative disturbances in fluent aphasia. Aphasiology, 29(6), 705–723.
Armstrong, E. (2000). Aphasic discourse analysis: The story so far. Aphasiology, 14(9), 875–892.
Armstrong, E., Ciccone, N., Godecke, E., & Kok, B. (2011). Monologues and dialogues in aphasia: Some initial comparisons. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1347–1371.
Baldo, J. V., Paulraj, S. R., Curran, B. C., & Dronkers, N. F. (2015). Impaired reasoning and problem-solving in individuals with language impairment due to aphasia or language delay. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, Article 1523.
Barker, M. S., Young, B., & Robinson, G. A. (2017). Cohesive and coherent connected speech deficits in mild stroke. Brain and Language, 168, 23–36.
Bartels-Tobin, L. R., & Hinckley, J. J. (2005). Cognition and discourse production in right hemisphere disorder. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 18(6), 461–477.
Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 57(1), 289–300.
Boyle, M. (2014). Test–retest stability of word retrieval in aphasic discourse. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 57(3), 966–978.
Brookshire, B. L., Chapman, S. B., Song, J., & Levin, H. S. (2000). Cognitive and linguistic correlates of children's discourse after closed head injury: A three-year follow-up. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 6(7), 741–751.
Bryant, L., Ferguson, A., & Spencer, E. (2016). Linguistic analysis of discourse in aphasia: A review of the literature. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 30(7), 489–518.
Bryant, L., Spencer, E., & Ferguson, A. (2017). Clinical use of linguistic discourse analysis for the assessment of language in aphasia. Aphasiology, 31(10), 1105–1126.
Burgess, P. W., & Shallice, T. (1997). The Hayling and Brixton Tests. Thames Valley Test Company.
Büttner-Kunert, J., Blöchinger, S., Falkowska, Z., Rieger, T., & Oslmeier, C. (2022). Interaction of discourse processing impairments, communicative participation, and verbal executive functions in people with chronic traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Psychology, 13.
Cahana-Amitay, D., & Jenkins, T. (2018). Working memory and discourse production in people with aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 48, 90–103.
Cannizzaro, M. S., & Coelho, C. A. (2013). Analysis of narrative discourse structure as an ecologically relevant measure of executive function in adults. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 42(6), 527–549.
Carragher, M., Sage, K., & Conroy, P. (2015). Preliminary analysis from a novel treatment targeting the exchange of new information within storytelling for people with nonfluent aphasia and their partners. Aphasiology, 29(11), 1383–1408.
Chapman, S. B., Gamino, J. G., & Mudar, R. A. (2011). Higher-order strategic gist reasoning in adolescence. In V. Reyna, S. B. Chapman, M. R. Dougherty, & J. Confrey (Eds.), The adolescent brain: Learning, reasoning, and decision making (pp. 123–152). American Psychological Association.
Cherney, L. R., Halper, A. S., Holland, A. L., & Cole, R. (2008). Computerized script training for aphasia: Preliminary results. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 17(1), 19–34.
Christensen, S. C., Wright, H. H., Ross, K., Katz, R., & Capilouto, G. (2009). What makes a good story? The naïve rater's perception. Aphasiology, 23(7–8), 898–913.
Christiansen, J. A. (1995). Coherence violations and propositional usage in the narratives of fluent aphasics. Brain and Language, 51(2), 291–317.
Clough, S., & Gordon, J. K. (2020). Fluent or nonfluent? Part A. Underlying contributors to categorical classifications of fluency in aphasia. Aphasiology, 34(5), 515–539.
Coelho, C. A. (2002). Story narratives of adults with closed head injury and non-brain-injured adults: Influence of socioeconomic status, elicitation task, and executive functioning. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1232–1248.
Coelho, C. A., Lê, K., Mozeiko, J., Hamilton, M., Tyler, E., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2013). Characterizing discourse deficits following penetrating head injury: A preliminary model. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(2), S438–S448.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Erlbaum.
Covington, M. A. (2007). MATTR user manual (CASPR Research Report 2007–05). University of Georgia Institute for Artificial Intelligence.
Cummings, L. (2019). Narrating the Cinderella story in adults with primary progressive aphasia. In A. Capone, M. Carapezza & F. Lo Piparo (Eds.), Further advances in pragmatics and philosophy: Part 2 theories and applications (pp. 301–329). Springer.
Dabul, B. (2000). Apraxia Battery for Adults–2. Pro-Ed.
Dean, M. P., Della Sala, S., Beschin, N., & Cocchini, G. (2017). Anosognosia and self-correction of naming errors in aphasia. Aphasiology, 31(7), 725–740.
DeDe, G., & Hoover, E. (2021). Measuring change at the discourse-level following conversation treatment: Examples from mild and severe aphasia. Topics in Language Disorders, 41(1), 5–26.
DeDe, G., & Salis, C. (2020). Temporal and episodic analyses of the story of Cinderella in latent aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 29(1S), 449–462.
Ding, J., Middleton, E. L., & Mirman, D. (2023). Impaired discourse content in aphasia is associated with frontal white matter damage. Brain Communications, 5(6), Article fcad310.
Dipper, L., Carragher, M., & Whitworth, A. (2024). Interventions targeting spoken discourse in aphasia. In A. P. H. Kong (Ed.), Spoken discourse impairments in neurogenic populations: A state-of-the-art contemporary approach (pp. 269–284). Springer.
Dipper, L. T., & Cruice, M. (2018). Personal storytelling in aphasia: A single case study of LUNA therapy. Aphasiology, 32(Suppl. 1), 60–61.
Dipper, L. T., Marshall, J., Boyle, M., Hersh, D., Botting, N., & Cruice, M. (2021). Creating a theoretical framework to underpin discourse assessment and intervention in aphasia. Brain Sciences, 11(2), Article 183.
Dipper, L. T., & Pritchard, M. (2017). Discourse: Assessment and therapy. In F. D. M. Fernandes (Ed.), Advances in speech-language pathology. IntechOpen.
Dutta, M., Murray, L. L., & Stark, B. C. (2023). Assessing the integrity of executive functioning in chronic aphasia. Aphasiology, 37(6), 869–906.
Ellis, C., & Peach, R. K. (2009). Sentence planning following traumatic brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 24(3), 255–266.
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160.
Fergadiotis, G., & Wright, H. H. (2011). Lexical diversity for adults with and without aphasia across discourse elicitation tasks. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1414–1430.
Fergadiotis, G., Wright, H. H., & West, T. M. (2013). Measuring lexical diversity in narrative discourse of people with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(2), S397–S408.
Fisk, J. E., & Sharp, C. A. (2004). Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 26(7), 874–890.
Frankel, T., Penn, C., & Ormond-Brown, D. (2007). Executive dysfunction as an explanatory basis for conversation symptoms of aphasia: A pilot study. Aphasiology, 21(6–8), 814–828.
Fridriksson, J., Nettles, C., Davis, M., Morrow, L., & Montgomery, A. (2006). Functional communication and executive function in aphasia. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 20(6), 401–410.
Fromm, D., Forbes, M., Holland, A., Dalton, S. G., Richardson, J., & MacWhinney, B. (2017). Discourse characteristics in aphasia beyond the Western Aphasia Battery cutoff. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 762–768.
Gilmore, N., Meier, E. L., Johnson, J. P., & Kiran, S. (2019). Nonlinguistic cognitive factors predict treatment-induced recovery in chronic poststroke aphasia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 100(7), 1251–1258.
Goldberg, S., Haley, K. L., & Jacks, A. (2012). Script training and generalization for people with aphasia [Unpublished dissertation]. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Goral, M., Spiro, A., III, Albert, M. L., Obler, L. K., & Connor, L. T. (2007). Change in lexical retrieval skills in adulthood. The Mental Lexicon, 2(2), 215–238.
Gordon, J. K. (2008). Measuring the lexical semantics of picture description in aphasia. Aphasiology, 22(7–8), 839–852.
Hammill, D. D., Pearson, N. A., & Weiderholt, J. L. (2009). Comprehensive test of nonverbal intelligence (2nd ed.). Pro-Ed.
Hardy, S. M., Segaert, K., & Wheeldon, L. (2020). Healthy aging and sentence production: Disrupted lexical access in the context of intact syntactic planning. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.
Harmon, T. G., McDonald, E., & Steele, K. (2024). Effects of cognitive and social demands on linguistic production for people with moderate, mild, or no aphasia. Aphasiology, 38(3), 281–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2023.2189512
Haun, J., Rittman, M., & Sberna, M. (2008). The continuum of connectedness and social isolation during post stroke recovery. Journal of Aging Studies, 22(1), 54–64.
Helm-Estabrooks, N. (2001). The Cognitive Linguistic Quick Test. The Psychological Corporation.
Henderson, A., Kim, H., Kintz, S., Frisco, N., & Wright, H. H. (2017). Working memory in aphasia: Considering discourse processing and treatment implications. Seminars in Speech and Language, 38(1), 40–51.
Hill, E., Claessen, M., Whitworth, A., Boyes, M., & Ward, R. (2018). Discourse and cognition in speakers with acquired brain injury (ABI): A systematic review. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 53(4), 689–717.
Holland, A. L. (1991). Pragmatic aspects of intervention in aphasia. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 6(2), 197–211.
Holland, A. L. (2021). The value of “communication strategies” in the treatment of aphasia. Aphasiology, 35(7), 984–994.
Holland, A., Halper, A., & Cherney, L. (2010). Tell me your story: Analysis of script topics selected by persons with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 19(3), 198–203.
Kertesz, A. (2007). Western Aphasia Battery–Revised. PsychCorp.
Kong, A. P.-H., Linnik, A., Law, S.-P., & Shum, W. W.-M. (2018). Measuring discourse coherence in anomic aphasia using Rhetorical Structure Theory. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(4), 406–421.
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016). A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 15(2), 155–163.
Krawczyk, D. C., Hanten, G., Wilde, E. A., Li, X., Schnelle, K. P., Merkley, T. L., Vasquez, A. C., Cook, L. G., McClelland, M., Chapman, S. B., & Levin, H. S. (2010). Deficits in analogical reasoning in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 4, Article 62.
Kuzmina, E., & Weekes, B. S. (2017). Role of cognitive control in language deficits in different types of aphasia. Aphasiology, 31(7), 765–792.
LaCroix, A. N., Greene-Winek, A., Simon, S., Groth, H., & Ratiu, I. (2023). A verbal card sorting task to measure executive functions. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4), 1698–1704.
Lawrence, R. L., & Paige, D. S. (2016). What our ancestors knew: Teaching and learning through storytelling. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 2016(149), 63–72.
Leaman, M. C., & Archer, B. (2023). Choosing discourse types that align with person-centered goals in aphasia rehabilitation: A clinical tutorial. Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups, 8(2), 254–273.
Leaman, M. C., & Edmonds, L. A. (2019). Revisiting the correct information unit: Measuring informativeness in unstructured conversations in people with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 28(3), 1099–1114.
Leaman, M. C., & Edmonds, L. A. (2023). Analyzing language in the picnic scene picture and in conversation: The type of discourse sample we choose influences findings in people with aphasia. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 32(4), 1413–1430.
LeBlanc, J., de Guise, E., Champoux, M.-C., Couturier, C., Lamoureux, J., Marcoux, J., Maleki, M., & Feyz, M. (2014). Early conversational discourse abilities following traumatic brain injury: An acute predictive study. Brain Injury, 28(7), 951–958.
Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., Bigler, E. D., & Tranel, D. (2012). Neuropsychological assessment (5th ed.). Oxford University Press.
Lê, K., Coelho, C., Mozeiko, J., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2012). Predicting story goodness performance from cognitive measures following traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21(2), S115–S125.
Lindsey, A., Mozeiko, J., Krueger, F., Grafman, J., & Coelho, C. (2018). Changes in discourse structure over time following traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 119, 308–319.
Loughnane, M., & Murray, L. (2018). Communicative efficiency and executive function in normally aging and older adults with a mild acquired brain injury. Aphasiology, 32(Suppl. 1), 130–132.
Loughnane, M., Murray, L., Dutta, M., Seilheimer, M., & Trent, A. (2016, November). Communicative efficiency & verbal & nonverbal fluency in adults with an acquired brain injury. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Annual Convention, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
Lundine, J. P., Harnish, S. M., McCauley, R. J., Zezinka, A. B., Blackett, D. S., & Fox, R. A. (2018). Exploring summarization differences for two types of expository discourse in adolescents with traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 27(1), 247–257.
MacWhinney, B. (2000). The CHILDES Project: Tools for analysing talk. Erlbaum.
MacWhinney, B., Fromm, D., Forbes, M., & Holland, A. (2011). AphasiaBank: Methods for studying discourse. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1286–1307.
Manheim, L. M., Halper, A. S., & Cherney, L. (2009). Patient-reported changes in communication after computer-based script training for aphasia. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 90(4), 623–627.
Marini, A. (2012). Characteristics of narrative discourse processing after damage to the right hemisphere. Seminars in Speech and Language, 33(1), 68–78.
Marini, A., Galetto, V., Zampieri, E., Vorano, L., Zettin, M., & Carlomagno, S. (2011). Narrative language in traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 49(10), 2904–2910.
Marini, A., Zettin, M., Bencich, E., Bosco, F. M., & Galetto, V. (2017). Severity effects on discourse production after TBI. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 44, 91–106.
Marini, A., Zettin, M., & Galetto, V. (2014). Cognitive correlates of narrative impairment in moderate traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia, 64, 282–288.
Mason, C., & Nickels, L. (2022). Are single-word picture naming assessments a valid measure of word retrieval in connected speech? International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 24(1), 97–109.
Mayer, J., & Murray, L. (2003). Functional measures of naming in aphasia: Word retrieval in confrontation naming versus connected speech. Aphasiology, 17(5), 481–497.
McDonald, S., Bornhofen, C., Shum, D., Long, E., Saunders, C., & Neulinger, K. (2006). Reliability and validity of The Awareness of Social Inference Test (TASIT): A clinical test of social perception. Disability and Rehabilitation, 28(24), 1529–1542.
McDonald, S., Gowland, A., Randall, R., Fisher, A., Osborne-Crowley, K., & Honan, C. (2014). Cognitive factors underpinning poor expressive communication skills after traumatic brain injury: Theory of mind or executive function? Neuropsychology, 28(5), 801–811.
Mohapatra, B., & Marshall, R. S. (2020). Performance differences between aphasia and healthy aging on an executive function test battery. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(4), 487–497.
Mozeiko, J., Le, K., Coelho, C., Krueger, F., & Grafman, J. (2011). The relationship of story grammar and executive function following TBI. Aphasiology, 25(6–7), 826–835.
Murray, L. L. (2012). Attention and other cognitive deficits in aphasia: Presence and relation to language and communication measures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 21(2), S51–S64.
Murray, L. L. (2017). Design fluency subsequent to onset of aphasia: A distinct pattern of executive function difficulties? Aphasiology, 31(7), 793–818.
Murray, L. L., & Clark, H. M. (2015). Neurogenic disorders of language and cognition: Evidence-based clinical practice. Pro-Ed.
Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., Cummings, J. L., & Chertkow, H. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(4), 695–699.
Nicholas, L. E., & Brookshire, R. H. (1993). A system for quantifying the informativeness and efficiency of the connected speech of adults with aphasia. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36(2), 338–350.
Nicholas, M., & Connor, L. T. (2017). People with aphasia using AAC: Are executive functions important? Aphasiology, 31(7), 819–836.
Obermeyer, J. A., Rogalski, Y., & Edmonds, L. A. (2021). Attentive Reading with Constrained Summarization–Written, a multi-modality discourse-level treatment for mild aphasia. Aphasiology, 35(1), 100–125.
Olness, G. S. (2007). Narrative structure in aphasia: Impact of task and aphasia severity. In Clinical Aphasiology Conference proceedings (Vol. 37). BRK Publishers.
Olness, G. S., & Ulatowska, H. K. (2011). Personal narratives in aphasia: Coherence in the context of use. Aphasiology, 25(11), 1393–1413.
Olsson, C., Arvidsson, P., & Johansson, M. B. (2019). Relations between executive function, language, and functional communication in severe aphasia. Aphasiology, 33(7), 821–845.
Parr, S. (2007). Living with severe aphasia: Tracking social exclusion. Aphasiology, 21(1), 98–123.
Peach, R. K. (2013). The cognitive basis for sentence planning difficulties in discourse after traumatic brain injury. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(2), S285–S297.
Penn, C., Frankel, T., Watermeyer, J., & Russell, N. (2010). Executive function and conversational strategies in bilingual aphasia. Aphasiology, 24(2), 288–308.
Pompon, R. H., McNeil, M. R., Spencer, K. A., & Kendall, D. L. (2015). Intentional and reactive inhibition during spoken-word Stroop task performance in people with aphasia. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 58(3), 767–780.
Purdy, M. (2002). Executive function ability in persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 16(4–6), 549–557.
Purdy, M., & Wallace, S. E. (2016). Intensive multimodal communication treatment for people with chronic aphasia. Aphasiology, 30(10), 1071–1093.
Raven, J. C. (1962). Advanced Progressive Matrices, Set II. H. K. Lewis.
Reynolds, C. R., & Horton, A. M. (2007). Test of Verbal Conceptualization and Fluency. Pro-Ed.
Richardson, J. D., & Dalton, S. G. H. (2020). Main concepts for two picture description tasks: An addition to Richardson and Dalton, 2016. Aphasiology, 34(1), 119–136.
Richardson, J. D., Dalton, S. G. H., Greenslade, K. J., Jacks, A., Haley, K. L., & Adams, J. (2021). Main concept, sequencing, and story grammar analyses of Cinderella narratives in a large sample of persons with aphasia. Brain Sciences, 11(1), Article 110.
Robertson, I. H., Ward, T., Ridgeway, V., & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1994). The test of everyday attention. Thames Valley Testing.
Rogalski, Y., Altmann, L. J. P., Plummer-D'Amato, P., Behrman, A. L., & Marsiske, M. (2010). Discourse coherence and cognition after stroke: A dual task study. Journal of Communication Disorders, 43(3), 212–224.
Ruff, R. M. (1988). Ruff Figural Fluency Test professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc.
Ruff, R. M. (1996). Ruff Figural Fluency Test. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Schretlen, D. (2011). Modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Psychological Assessment Resources.
Schumacher, R., Halai, A. D., & Lambon Ralph, M. A. (2022). Assessing executive functions in post-stroke aphasia—Utility of verbally based tests. Brain Communications, 4(3), Article fcac107.
Sherratt, S. (2007). Multi-level discourse analysis: A feasible approach. Aphasiology, 21(3–4), 375–393.
Shewan, C. M. (1988). The Shewan Spontaneous Language Analysis (SSLA) system for aphasic adults: Description, reliability, and validity. Journal of Communication Disorders, 21(2), 103–138.
Siegal, M., & Varley, R. (2002). Neural systems involved in “theory of mind.” Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(6), 463–471.
Ska, B., Scherer, L. C., Flôres, O. C., de Oliveira, C. R., Netto, T. M., & Fonseca, R. P. (2009). Theoretical, behavioral and neuroimage evidence on discourse processing aging. Psychology & Neuroscience, 2(2), 101–109.
Stark, B. C. (2019). A comparison of three discourse elicitation methods in aphasia and age-matched adults: Implications for language assessment and outcome. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 28(3), 1067–1083.
Stark, B. C., Bryant, L., Themistocleous, C., den Ouden, D.-B., & Roberts, A. C. (2023). Best practice guidelines for reporting spoken discourse in aphasia and neurogenic communication disorders. Aphasiology, 37(5), 761–784.
Sung, J. E., McNeil, M. R., Pratt, S. R., Dickey, M. W., Hula, W. D., Szuminsky, N. J., & Doyle, P. J. (2009). Verbal working memory and its relationship to sentence-level reading and listening comprehension in persons with aphasia. Aphasiology, 23(7–8), 1040–1052.
Tan, Y., & Martin, R. C. (2018). Verbal short-term memory capacities and executive function in semantic and syntactic interference resolution during sentence comprehension: Evidence from aphasia. Neuropsychologia, 113, 111–125.
Wallace, S. J., Worrall, L., Rose, T., & Dorze, G. L. (2017). Which treatment outcomes are most important to aphasia clinicians and managers? An international e-Delphi consensus study. Aphasiology, 31(6), 643–673.
Whiteside, D. M., Kealey, T., Semla, M., Luu, H., Rice, L., Basso, M. R., & Roper, B. (2016). Verbal fluency: Language or executive function measure? Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 23(1), 29–34.
Whitworth, A. (2010). Using narrative as a bridge: Linking language processing models with real-life communication. Seminars in Speech and Language, 31(1), 64–75.
Whitworth, A. (2024). Elizabeth Usher memorial lecture. Models, mind maps, and metacognition: How theory is the true hero. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 26(3), 304–316.
Whitworth, A., Leitão, S., Cartwright, J., Webster, J., Hankey, G. J., Zach, J., Howard, D., & Wolz, V. (2015). NARNIA: A new twist to an old tale. A pilot RCT to evaluate a multilevel approach to improving discourse in aphasia. Aphasiology, 29(11), 1345–1382.
Whitworth, A., Ng, N., Timms, L., & Power, E. (2020). Exploring the viability of NARNIA with cognitive–communication difficulties: A pilot study. Seminars in Speech and Language, 41(1), 83–98.
Winter, P. (1976). The bear and the fly. Crown Publishers.
Wong, W. S. W., & Law, S. P. (2022). Relationship between cognitive functions and multilevel language processing: Data from Chinese speakers with aphasia and implications. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 65(3), 1128–1144.
Wright, H. H., & Capilouto, G. J. (2012). Considering a multi-level approach to understanding maintenance of global coherence in adults with aphasia. Aphasiology, 26(5), 656–672.
Yeung, O., & Law, S.-P. (2010). Executive functions and aphasia treatment outcomes: Data from an ortho-phonological cueing therapy for anomia in Chinese. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 12(6), 529–544.
Yoo, H., & McNeil, M. R. (2019). Story retelling and verbal working memory in people with aphasia. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 4(3), 223–235.
Youmans, G., Holland, A., Muñoz, M., & Bourgeois, M. (2005). Script training and automaticity in two individuals with aphasia. Aphasiology, 19(3–5), 435–450.
Youmans, G., Youmans, S. R., & Hancock, A. B. (2011). Script training treatment for adults with apraxia of speech. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 20(1), 23–37.
Zelazo, P. D., Anderson, J. E., Richler, J., Wallner-Allen, K., Beaumont, J. L., & Weintraub, S. (2013). NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (CB): Measuring executive function and attention. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 78(4), 16–33.
Zhang, M., Geng, L., Yang, Y., & Ding, H. (2021). Cohesion in the discourse of people with post-stroke aphasia. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 35(1), 2–18.
Zimmermann, N., Gindri, G., de Oliveira, C. R., & Fonseca, R. P. (2011). Pragmatic and executive functions in traumatic brain injury and right brain damage: An exploratory comparative study. Dementia & Neuropsychologia, 5(4), 337–345.

Information & Authors

Information

Published In

American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
Volume 33Number 518 September 2024
Pages: 2500-2523
PubMed: 39116314

History

  • Received: Aug 24, 2023
  • Revised: Dec 28, 2023
  • Accepted: Jun 10, 2024
  • Published online: Aug 8, 2024
  • Published in issue: Sep 18, 2024

Permissions

Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, Portland State University, OR
School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, Western University, London, Ontario
Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Program for Neuroscience, Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University, Bloomington

Notes

Disclosure: The authors have declared that no competing financial or nonfinancial interests existed at the time of publication.
Correspondence to Manaswita Dutta: [email protected]
Editor-in-Chief: Rita R. Patel
Editor: Brent Archer

Metrics & Citations

Metrics

Article Metrics
View all metrics



Citations

If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.

For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.

Citing Literature

  • Expanding the scope: multimodal dimensions in aphasia discourse analysis—preliminary findings, Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1419311, 18, (2024).

View Options

Sign In Options

ASHA member? If so, log in with your ASHA website credentials for full access.

Member Login

View options

PDF

View PDF

Full Text

View Full Text

Figures

Tables

Media

Share

Share

Copy the content Link

Share