The Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC) Metric: Extensions and Reliability Data
Publication: Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
Volume 40, Number 4
Pages 708-722
Abstract
Research in normal and disordered phonology requires measures of speech production that are biolinguistically appropriate and psychometrically robust. Their conceptual and numeric properties must be well characterized, particularly because speech measures are increasingly appearing in large-scale epidemiologic, genetic, and other descriptive-explanatory database studies. This work provides a rationale for extensions to an articulation competence metric titled the Percentage of Consonants Correct (PCC; Shriberg & Kwiatkowski, 1982; Shriberg, Kwiatkowski, Best, Hengst, & Terselic-Weber, 1986), which is computed from a 5- to 10-minute conversational speech sample. Reliability and standard error of measurement estimates are provided for 9 of a set of 10 speech metrics, including the PCC. Discussion includes rationale for selecting one or more of the 10 metrics for specific clinical and research needs.
Get full access to this article
View all available purchase options and get full access to this article.
References
Dollaghan, C. A. (1995, June). Phonological working memory and new phonological learning. Paper presented at the Symposium on Research in Child Language Disorders, Madison, WI.
Dollaghan, C. A., Biber, M., Campbell, T. (1993). Constituent syllable effects in a nonsense-word repetition task [research note]. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1051–1054.
Kent, R. D., Miolo, G., & Bloedel, S. (1994). The intelligibility of children’s speech: A review of evaluation procedures. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 3(2), 81–95.
Lewis, B. A., & Shriberg, L. D. (1994, November). Life span interrelationships among speech, prosody-voice, and nontraditional phonological measures. Miniseminar presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, New Orleans, LA.
Lof, G. L. (1994). A study of phoneme perception and speech stimulability. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Morrison, J. A., & Shriberg, L. D. (1992). Articulation testing versus conversational speech sampling. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 259–273.
Shriberg, L. D. (1986). PEPPER: Programs to examine phonetic and phonologic evaluation records. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Shriberg, L. D. (1993). Four new speech and prosody-voice measures for genetics research and other studies in developmental phonological disorders. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 105–140.
Shriberg, L. D. (1995, December). Some perspectives on teaching the undergraduate phonetics course. Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, Orlando, FL.
Shriberg, L. D., Austin, D., Lewis, B. A., McSweeny, J. L., & Wilson, D. L. (1997). The Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS): Extensions and lifespan reference data. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 40, 723–740.
Shriberg, L. D., Gruber, F. A., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1994). Developmental phonological disorders III: Long-term speech-sound normalization. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1151–1177.
Shriberg, L. D., & Kent, R. D. (1995). Clinical phonetics (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1982). Phonological disorders III: A procedure for assessing severity of involvement. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 47, 256–270.
Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1985). Continuous speech sampling for phonologic analyses of speech-delayed children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 50, 323–334.
Shriberg, L. D., & Kwiatkowski, J. (1994). Developmental phonological disorders I: A clinical profile. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 37, 1100–1126.
Shriberg, L. D., Kwiatkowski, J., Best, S., Hengst, J., & Terselic-Weber, B. (1986). Characteristics of children with phonologic disorders of unknown origin. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51, 140–161.
Shriberg, L. D., Kwiatkowski, J., & Hoffmann, K. A. (1984). A procedure for phonetic transcription by consensus. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 456–465.
Shriberg, L. D., & Lof, G. L. (1991). Reliability studies in broad and narrow phonetic transcription. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 5, 225–279.
Shriberg, L. D., & Olson, D. (1988). PEPAGREE: A program to compute transcription reliability. Waisman Center Research Computing Facility, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
Stoel-Gammon, C., & Dunn, C. (1985). Normal and disordered phonology in children. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Tomblin, J. B. (1991). Epidemiology of specific language impairment (Grant No. N01-DC-1-2101). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health.
Information & Authors
Information
Published In
Copyright
Copyright © 1997 American Speech-Language-Hearing Association.
History
- Received: Mar 8, 1996
- Accepted: Nov 29, 1996
- Published in issue: Aug 1, 1997
Keywords
Authors
Metrics & Citations
Metrics
Article Metrics
View all metricsCitations
If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download.
For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu.
Citing Literature
- Micalle Carl, Michal Icht, Perceptual and acoustic predictors of speech intelligibility among Hebrew-speaking young adults with down syndrome, Journal of Communication Disorders, 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106529, 115, (106529), (2025).
- Anniek van Doornik, Marlies Welbie, Sharynne McLeod, Ellen Gerrits, Hayo Terband, Speech and language therapists' insights into severity of speech sound disorders in children for developing the speech sound disorder severity construct, International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 10.1111/1460-6984.70022, 60, 3, (2025).
- Fien Allemeersch, Kristiane Van Lierde, Nick Verhaeghe, Kim Bettens, Tara Mouton, Greet Hens, Cassandra Alighieri, Effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness of high‐intensity versus low‐intensity speech intervention in children with a cleft palate: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial, International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 10.1111/1460-6984.70019, 60, 2, (2025).
- Alexis Moser, Kelly Farquharson, Erin J. Bush, Brenda Louw, Speech-Language Pathologists' Perceptions of the Severity of Speech Sound Disorder, American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 10.1044/2024_AJSLP-24-00150, 34, 2, (722-738), (2025).
- Emma Charters, Jessica Boehm, Anita Macdonald D'Silva, Raymond Wu, Simon A. Mueller, Tsu‐Hui (Hubert) Low, Jonathan R. Clark, James Wykes, A Pilot Trial of Tongue Reconstruction Using the Chimeric Innervated Vastus Lateralis Muscle and Antero‐Lateral Thigh Free Flap, Head & Neck, 10.1002/hed.28087, (2025).
- Cassandra Alighieri, Andrew Hodges, Jolien Verbeke, Katrien Kestens, Rica Albite, Raphaelle May Tan, Kim Bettens, Kristiane Van Lierde, Immediate individual effects of intensive group speech intervention on speech and health-related quality of life in adolescents with cleft palate: a descriptive study in the Philippines, Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 10.1080/14015439.2025.2453134, (1-13), (2025).
- Youran Lin, Karen E. Pollock, Fangfang Li, Speech Production of Mandarin Lexical Tones Among Canadian Elementary Students Enrolled in Mandarin–English Bilingual Schools, Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 10.1044/2024_JSLHR-24-00150, 68, 2, (435-455), (2025).
- Matheus Francoy Alpes, Julia Cipolato, Ana Rita Valente, Jacqueline Aquino do Nascimento, Patrícia Pupin Mandrá, Marisa Lousada, Intelligibility in Context Scale: validity of the Brazilian-Portuguese version, CoDAS, 10.1590/2317-1782/e20240138en, 37, 3, (2025).
- Cristiane Dellinghausen Valim, Márcia Keske-Soares, Eliara Pinto Vieira Biaggio, Efeito do treinamento auditivo nas habilidades auditivas e de fala em crianças com transtornos dos sons da fala, CoDAS, 10.1590/2317-1782/e20240008pt, 37, 2, (2025).
- Cristiane Dellinghausen Valim, Márcia Keske-Soares, Eliara Pinto Vieira Biaggio, Effect of hearing training on hearing and speech skills in children with speech sound disorders, CoDAS, 10.1590/2317-1782/e20240008en, 37, 2, (2025).
- See more
View Options
Sign In Options
ASHA member? If so, log in with your ASHA website credentials for full access.
Member Login